Regionalization of the Governance of Coal Mining Subsided Wetlands Based on Coupled Ecosystem Service Supply-demand Matching in Jiangsu-Shandong-Henan-Anhui Region

Numerous subsided wetlands have formed after extensive underground coal mining in Jiangsu, Shandong, Henan, and Anhui. Understanding the supply-demand relationship of ecosystem services (ES) is crucial for developing wetland protection and restoration plans. We highlighted the supply-demand matching of ES and developed regional governance strategies by integrating remote sensing with detailed information about the ES spatial distribution. The results show that: (1) In 2023, the study region contained 1 055 subsided wetland patches distributed in localized clusters, with areas ranging from 0.03 to 1 124.69 hm², and covering a total area of 30 863.45 hm². (2) These wetlands provided several ES, of which climate regulation was the most valuable. There was a strong demand for production services such as food and energy supply in the study area, which has a high population density and scarce land resources. There was also a high demand for climate regulation and cultural services from the subsided wetlands close to cities. (3) The supply of ES from the subsided wetlands exceeded demand both overall and locally. The supply of ES for large subsided wetlands, derived from and influenced by the fishing and photovoltaic industries, exceeded demand. However, the ES supply from small- and medium-sized subsided wetlands was generally inadequate, with a clear mismatch between the supply and demand of cultural services. (4) The study developed a "zoning control, service-oriented, classified management" framework for the region that divided the area into 10 governance zones and provided robust strategies for managing wetland ecosystems in mining subsidence areas.