Abstract: With the acceleration of global industrialization, the environmental pollution issues of microplastics and benzoapyrene (BaP) have become increasingly prominent, posing challenges to public health and ecological safety. In this study, we aim to delve into the effects of microplastics and BaP on rice seed germination and seedling growth. Three types of microplastics polyethylene (mPE), polystyrene (mPS), and polyvinyl chloride (mPVC) along with BaP were used to investigate their effects on rice growth under different concentrations and time conditions. The results show that exposure to microplastics alone significantly affected multiple growth indicators of rice seeds (P < 0.05), including inhibiting germination rate, vigor index, and germination speed, whereas promoting germination potential and water content. Notably, mPVC and mPS exhibited concentration-dependent effects on rice seed and seedling growth. The presence of BaP showed a promoting effect on some growth indicators of rice seeds, such as vigor index, root length, shoot length, and water content, but its impact on germination potential was more complex. The combined presence of microplastics and BaP exhibited interactive effects on rice seeds. In sum, this study explores the potential risks of microplastics and BaP in agricultural production, providing important scientific references for more precise environmental governance in the future. It also has practical significance for agricultural production and environmental protection.