Abstract: Xishuangbanna in the Southwest of China's Yunnan Province holds highest concentration of biodiversity, but in the recent decades the land use in the region has undergone tremendous changes. Tropical forests have been gradually replaced by rubber plantations. Here, the impact of forest-rubber mosaic patterns on the composition and diversity of arthropod communities was explored by analysing the key drivers of distribution pattern between different habitat types. The result of the study provides relevant insights to develop effective protection of the remaining forests in Xishuangbanna. The understory arthropod diversity and community composition between rubber plantations and forest fragments in Nabanhe National Nature Reserve in Xishuangbanna were compared using metabarcoding techniques. The relationship between arthropods and environmental factors was analyzed, and the key factors that influencing arthropod community structure in a rubber landscape matrix were discussed. The results of the study based on metabarcoding technique showed that a total of 397 OTUs were obtained from rubber plantations and forest, which belong to 18 orders in the forest, a total of 347 OTUs were collected, with 136 OTUs collected from rubber plantations. Between habitat types, compared to primary forests rubber plantations had a significant negative effect on arthropod richness. The results of nonmetric multidimensional scaling analysis (NMDS analysis) show that the composition of arthropod community in rubber plantations and forest fragments was significantly different showing that Beta diversity of forest fragments is higher than that of rubber plantations. Within the landscape scale, the main factors affecting the species diversity of arthropods were natural forest cover and slope. Whereas in the local scale, the main factors influencing the diversity of arthropods in rubber plantation were the age of the rubber trees, altitude and distance to the edge of the forest. In the forest, the main factors influencing the diversity of arthropods were forest area, altitude, aspect, tree diversity and distance to the edge of the forest. This study demonstrates that rubber plantation has a significant negative impact on forest ecosystems and arthropod diversity. In the mosaic landscape pattern, forest cover, tree diversity, the distance between rubber plantation and the edge of the forest played a significant role in arthropod diversity. It is significantly beneficial to biodiversity conservation when the forest coverage is over 50%. The present findings from this study can provide important management basis for the conservation of biodiversity in Xishuangbanna.