Abstract: System resilience refers to the ability of the system to return to its original state after being disturbed and the greater the system's resilience, the higher its stability. Vulnerability and response capacity together affect the resilience of the system. Based on the concept and implications of system resilience, this paper constructs a measure model of poverty-ecology system resilience in China's Heilongjiang State-Owned Forest Region. It does so by employing set pair analysis and the entropy method, while the study propose the poverty-ecology system resilience indicators, including the vulnerability and response capacity in poverty and ecology subsystem, and analyzes the evolution trend and the driving mechanism of resilience. The results show that, from 1998 to 2015, the poverty ecological system total vulnerability index of the region increased slowly, from 0.41 to 0.52, the total system resilience index increased rapidly, from 0.10 to 0.85, and the total system resilience index increased from 0.23 to 0.73. The vulnerability of the ecological subsystem has a substantive impact on the system's overall vulnerability, while the response capacity of the poverty subsystem has a substantive influence on the system's total response ability. The relationship between the system's total resilience and the total vulnerability and total response capacity presents stages:from 1998 to 2006, the total vulnerability had a greater impact on the total resilience, while the total response capacity gradually played a key role in the total resilience from 2007 to 2015. The direction and rate of impact on resilience was obviously uncertain, and the relationship between the impact factors and the resilience demonstrates linear and nonlinear effects, though the latter dominate.